Table of Contents

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Culture & Care for the genus Orchis

Introduction to the genus





General cultivation techniques

Specific guidelines

In-vitro culture

Hybridisation notes

Pollinators

References

Flowering Calendar

 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Location
Orchis collina            Malta
Orchis conica            Malta
Orchis morio            Cyprus
Orchis italica            Cyprus
Orchis anatolica ssp. troddi            Cyprus
Orchis mascula            Haute-Normandie, France
Orchis albida            
Orchis militaris            Germany

Detailed data: Aggregated observation dates from the GBIF.org network.
A colored month means an observation in habitat or collection date of a herbarium specimen with flower or inflorescence. The number refers to the year of last observation or collection.

 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Location
Orchis adenocheilae    20001997       Azerbaydzhan
Orchis adenocheilae    20061974       Iran
Orchis alata    196619671933      France
Orchis alata    1926        Italy
Orchis albida        1932    Austria
Orchis albida        1935    Finland
Orchis albida      2007197319261919   France
Orchis albida      19281973     Germany
Orchis albida      196819741980    Italy
Orchis albida       1970     Romania
Orchis albida       1980     Serbia
Orchis albida        1935    Sweden
Orchis albida     19401979199419531987   Switzerland
Orchis alpina        1933    Austria
Orchis alpina       20011971    Italy
Orchis alpina        1984    Liechtenstein
Orchis alpina       1889     Poland
Orchis alpina        1929    Romania
Orchis alpina       19461935    Sweden
Orchis alpina    1899  19901978    Switzerland
Orchis ampliata 1866           Guatemala
Orchis anatolica   19291929        Cyprus
Orchis anatolica   200019951978       Greece
Orchis anatolica    19721948       Iran
Orchis anatolica     1933       Lebanon
Orchis anatolica   1935         Palestine
Orchis anatolica    1929        Syria
Orchis anatolica   1991198619931938      Turkey
Orchis anatolica subsp. troodi  20002000        Cyprus
Orchis anatolica subsp. troodi  2001         Turkey
Orchis anatolica subsp. sitiaca   19311931       Greece
Orchis anatolica subsp. anatolica   2003        Greece
Orchis anatolica f. alba   1986        Turkey
Orchis angusticruris    1997        Azerbaydzhan
Orchis angusticruris    192419731906      France
Orchis angusticruris     2005       Greece
Orchis angusticruris     1988       Turkey
Orchis anthropophora    190920061985      France
Orchis anthropophora     20022002      Germany
Orchis anthropophora   200120062001       Greece
Orchis anthropophora    19812002       Italy
Orchis anthropophora   1999         Portugal
Orchis bergonii     2002       France
Orchis bergonii     19341935      Switzerland
Orchis bevilacquae    19621953       Italy
Orchis beyrichii    20072002       France
Orchis beyrichii     2002       Germany
Orchis beyrichii     1897       Italy
Orchis bicknelli     1939       Greece
Orchis bivonae   2001         Greece
Orchis bivonae     1988       Italy
Orchis brancifortii   1994         Cyprus
Orchis brancifortii    20061885       Italy
Orchis bugarachensis     1996       France
Orchis bungii     1885       Iran
Orchis calliantha    1997        Azerbaydzhan
Orchis calliantha     1982       Turkey
Orchis canariensis 199220061979         Canary Is.
Orchis canariensis 19952001          Spain
Orchis cazorlensis     2002       Lebanon
Orchis cazorlensis     2002       Spain
Orchis chrysea       1949     Bhutan
Orchis chusua       1979     Bhutan
Orchis chusua      2007      China
Orchis chusua       1992     India
Orchis clavicalcarata        1979    Papua New Guinea
Orchis colemanii     2005       Greece
Orchis colemanii     1985       Italy
Orchis comperiana      1938      Turkey
Orchis coriophora f. atropurpurea   1926        Greece
Orchis coriophora f. virescens    1936       Greece
Orchis coriophora f. rhomboides   1926        Greece
Orchis coriophora var. martrinii     1957      Spain
Orchis coriophora subsp. coriophora   1982        Spain
Orchis coriophora       1983     Turkey
Orchis cortesii    1930        Spain
Orchis debeauxii     1928       France
Orchis debeauxii    19561976       Italy
Orchis dietrichiana    19352002       Italy
Orchis dietrichiana     1944       Switzerland
Orchis erythrochrysea      2007      China
Orchis fargesii      2004      China
Orchis foliosa var. indica     2007      China
Orchis foliosa var. indica         1963  Nepal
Orchis galilaea   19941981        Israel
Orchis galilaea    1897        Palestine
Orchis galilaea    1938        Syria
Orchis golestanica    1973        Iran
Orchis graminifolia      1889      Japan
Orchis grenieri     1954       Germany
Orchis guianensis   1959         Venezuela
Orchis holocheila      1955      Turkey
Orchis holocheila var. sanasunitensis      1950     Turkey
Orchis hybrida     y 16       France
Orchis hybrida     20021891      Germany
Orchis hybrida  1958  1950 1872     Switzerland
Orchis incarnata var. albiflora     1904      Germany
Orchis italica    1939        Algeria
Orchis italica   192920041929       Cyprus
Orchis italica   200020011938       Greece
Orchis italica   197520061987       Italy
Orchis italica    1929        Syria
Orchis italica   1998         Tunisia
Orchis italica   19801985        Turkey
Orchis italica f. breviloba  19261927        Greece
Orchis jacquinii     1988       France
Orchis klopfensteiniae      1991      France
Orchis lasithica    1972        Greece
Orchis latifolia var. pinguis     1969      France
Orchis latifolia var. angustifolia     1894      France
Orchis latifolia var. impudica    18951892      France
Orchis latifolia var. majalis     19721967     France
Orchis latifolia var. majalis     1920      Switzerland
Orchis latifolia var. genuina    19011933      France
Orchis latifolia × traunsteineri      1900      France
Orchis latifolia × traunsteineri       1937     Switzerland
Orchis lauzensis     1959       Italy
Orchis laxiflora var. eusifolia   1926        Italy
Orchis laxiflora    1998        Turkey
Orchis lessonii           19871987Chile
Orchis ligustica     1985       Italy
Orchis loreziana     1950       Switzerland
Orchis macra     2002       France
Orchis macra  1992  1992       Netherlands
Orchis maculata var. palustris    1931       France
Orchis maculata var. genuina     1920      Switzerland
Orchis mascula      1994      Azerbaydzhan
Orchis mascula   196020072002       France
Orchis mascula    193620021900      Germany
Orchis mascula     1998       Greece
Orchis mascula     1972       Iran
Orchis mascula    19741891       Italy
Orchis mascula     1875       Poland
Orchis mascula      1928      Slovenia
Orchis mascula   1913193119361980      Spain
Orchis mascula   19571977y 18198319801992    Switzerland
Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa    1893       Bosnia-Herzegovina
Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa      1969     Croatia
Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa     1999      Germany
Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa    1996       Italy
Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa    18971983      Switzerland
Orchis mascula subsp. mascula   18821995       France
Orchis mascula subsp. mascula   2006        Italy
Orchis mascula subsp. mascula  199919991996       Spain
Orchis mascula subsp. mascula   19141919       Switzerland
Orchis mascula subsp. mascula  1998         Tunisia
Orchis mascula f. platyloba   19101919       France
Orchis mascula subsp. olbiensis     1938      Germany
Orchis mascula subsp. olbiensis   1923        Spain
Orchis mascula subsp. olbiensis  1932         Tunisia
Orchis mascula subsp. pinetorum   1990 1993      Greece
Orchis mascula subsp. pinetorum   19732005 1972     Iran
Orchis mascula subsp. pinetorum   1986199219821980     Turkey
Orchis mascula subsp. hispanica   1991        Portugal
Orchis mascula subsp. hispanica    20022003      Spain
Orchis mascula var. habiana   1920        Switzerland
Orchis mascula × morio     1968       Switzerland
Orchis mascula × pallens     1980       France
Orchis mascula × pallens     1952       Switzerland
Orchis micrantha       19521962    India
Orchis militaris     1909       Austria
Orchis militaris    2000        Azerbaydzhan
Orchis militaris    2007200219622007     France
Orchis militaris     20022005      Germany
Orchis militaris     1981       Hungary
Orchis militaris    19731974       Iran
Orchis militaris  1972  19721937      Italy
Orchis militaris     1993       Netherlands
Orchis militaris     1855       Russia
Orchis militaris     1931       Slovenia
Orchis militaris     2004       Sweden
Orchis militaris    194520031972      Switzerland
Orchis militaris     19951993      Turkey
Orchis militaris var. subsimia    1933       France
Orchis militaris var. stenoloba    1923       France
Orchis militaris f. alba    1978       Switzerland
Orchis morio     1911       Austria
Orchis morioides     1932       Germany
Orchis neglecta      1942      France
Orchis olida      1951      Switzerland
Orchis pallens     19291883      Austria
Orchis pallens    20071994       France
Orchis pallens    20032006       Germany
Orchis pallens      1883      Italy
Orchis pallens    1914        Serbia
Orchis pallens    197819791943      Switzerland
Orchis pallens     198820001978     Turkey
Orchis palustris      1916      France
Orchis palustris    1972197219741972     Iran
Orchis palustris    1985198619901981     Turkey
Orchis papilionacea var. papilionacea   1985        Turkey
Orchis patens     2005       Algeria
Orchis patens    19351996       Italy
Orchis patens     1936       Spain
Orchis patens var. canariensis  1978         Canary Is.
Orchis patens subsp. nitidifolia   19861997       Greece
Orchis patens subsp. patens    1888       Japan
Orchis penzigiana    19251936       Italy
Orchis petterssonii      1995      France
Orchis petterssonii     2005       Greece
Orchis pisanensis    1936        France
Orchis platybulbon       1993     Cameroon
Orchis plessidiaca     1995       France
Orchis plessidiaca     1927       Greece
Orchis plessidiaca     1995       Italy
Orchis provincialis var. laeta   2004        Algeria
Orchis provincialis    1949        Algeria
Orchis provincialis    1930        Croatia
Orchis provincialis    19962002       France
Orchis provincialis   200220042003       Greece
Orchis provincialis    19941982       Italy
Orchis provincialis    19431942       Switzerland
Orchis provincialis    1980        Turkey
Orchis provincialis subsp. pauciflora   1921        France
Orchis provincialis subsp. pauciflora   20062004       Greece
Orchis provincialis subsp. pauciflora   19951997       Italy
Orchis provincialis var. rosea   1967        France
Orchis pseudoanatolica    1994        Greece
Orchis pseudoanatolica     2002       Italy
Orchis pumila    1994        Zaire
Orchis punctulata    1909        Caucasus
Orchis punctulata  19542005         Cyprus
Orchis punctulata    2000        Georgia
Orchis punctulata    2005        Iran
Orchis punctulata  20032001199819822003      Turkey
Orchis purpurea   1982         Algeria
Orchis purpurea    2000        Azerbaydzhan
Orchis purpurea    199620071886      France
Orchis purpurea    200120021954 2000    Germany
Orchis purpurea     1981       Hungary
Orchis purpurea    200619791954      Italy
Orchis purpurea    1968        Slovenia
Orchis purpurea     1949       Spain
Orchis purpurea     20021944      Switzerland
Orchis purpurea    1980199620031958     Turkey
Orchis purpurea f. acutiloba    1898       France
Orchis purpurea var. incisiloba    1951       France
Orchis purpurea f. laciniata    1921       France
Orchis purpurea var. obcordata    1926       France
Orchis purpurea f. triangularis    1915       France
Orchis purpurea × ?     1966       France
Orchis purpurea × mascula     1966       France
Orchis pusilla           1862 Guatemala
Orchis quadripunctata   1999         Cyprus
Orchis quadripunctata   192720002003       Greece
Orchis quadripunctata    19751997       Italy
Orchis quadripunctata    2005        Switzerland
Orchis quadripunctata    1980        Turkey
Orchis quadripunctata f. macrostachys   1927        Greece
Orchis quadripunctata f. holocheila   1927        Greece
Orchis renzii       1982     India
Orchis schlechteri var. schlechteri1984           New Caledonia
Orchis scopulorum     2001       Portugal
Orchis scopulorum     1995       Spain
Orchis serrulata 1984           New Caledonia
Orchis sezikiana    20031997       Greece
Orchis sezikiana   1989 1997       Turkey
Orchis simia      1896      Bosnia-Herzegovina
Orchis simia   1929         Cyprus
Orchis simia    2007200719372007     France
Orchis simia    19991997       Georgia
Orchis simia     1999  2000    Germany
Orchis simia    19981980       Greece
Orchis simia    20061975       Iran
Orchis simia    195219011933      Italy
Orchis simia   2002         Libya
Orchis simia     1919       Switzerland
Orchis simia    19981987  1980    Turkey
Orchis simia f. alba   1913ay 9       France
Orchis simia var. brevidens    1897       France
Orchis simia var. laxiflora    1924       France
Orchis simorrensis     1938       Greece
Orchis simorrensis      1933      Italy
Orchis sp.     1932       Italy
Orchis sp.     19751954      Nepal
Orchis sp.    1978        Papua New Guinea
Orchis sp.      1955      Switzerland
Orchis spathulata      1973      India
Orchis spathulata      1956      Nepal
Orchis spitzelii subsp. teschneriana    1974       Algeria
Orchis spitzelii    1930        Croatia
Orchis spitzelii     19962002      France
Orchis spitzelii     20031998      Greece
Orchis spitzelii      19331883     Italy
Orchis spitzelii      2004      Sweden
Orchis spitzelii      1989      Switzerland
Orchis spitzelii     19821982      Turkey
Orchis spuria     1959       Belgium
Orchis spuria     20021983      France
Orchis spuria     2002       Germany
Orchis subpatens    19491996       Italy
Orchis thriftiensis    1931        Greece
Orchis timbalii      1972      Iran
Orchis timbalii     19821981      Turkey
Orchis tochniana   2001         Turkey
Orchis traunsteineri × latifolia      1937      Switzerland
Orchis tridentata var. variegata   1945        Switzerland
Orchis tridentata × ustulata     1972       Switzerland
Orchis trilobatus       1951     Colombia
Orchis trilobatus 1949   1948  1947 1953  Venezuela
Orchis uechtritziana      1984      Germany
Orchis ulei   1949         Venezuela
Orchis ustulata var. albiflora     1914      France
Orchis ustulata       1990     Switzerland
Orchis wardii      2007      China
Orchis wulffiana     1994       Turkey

Species

Due to the long history of the genus Orchis, the list of species below only shows the valid names, accepted by the World Checklist for Monocots.
For a full list with invalid names and reference, please visit this link

World Checklist for Orchis. With the permission of the Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Published on the Internet
Database integration using Royal Botanical Gardens Kew for reference
Hybrid  Not a Hybrid ... Click on the ---- to get more data

Orchis  -----   Tourn. ex L., Sp. Pl.: 943: (1753).
   Orchis adenocheilae  -----   Czernaik., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 5: 173 (1924).
   Orchis anatolica  -----   Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. 5: 56 (1844).
      Orchis anatolica subsp. anatolica  -----  .
      Orchis anatolica subsp. troodi  -----   (Renz) Renz, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 30: 100 (1932).
   Orchis x angusticruris  -----   Franch. in V.Humnicki, Cat. Pl. Luxeuil: 27 (1876).
   Orchis anthropophora  -----   (L.) All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 148 (1785).
   Orchis x apollinaris  -----   W.Rossi & al., Lindleyana 7: 125 (1992).
   Orchis x bergonii  -----   Nanteuil, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 34: 422 (1887).
   Orchis x beyrichii  -----   (Rchb.f.) A.Kern., Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 15: 208 (1865).
   Orchis x bivonae  -----   Tod., Imparziale Giorn. Sc. Lett. Art. 1840: 34 (1840).
   Orchis x blidana  -----   B.Baumann & H.Baumann, Orchidee (Hamburg), Sonderh.: 82 (1980).
   Orchis brancifortii  -----   Biv., Stirp. Rar. Sicilia 1: 3 (1813).
   Orchis x calliantha  -----   Renz & Taubenheim, Orchidee (Hamburg) 34: 95 (1983).
   Orchis canariensis  -----   Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 263 (1835).
   Orchis cazorlensis  -----   Lacaita, Cavanillesia 3: 35 (1930).
   Orchis x clandestina  -----   Hautz., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 81: 40 (1978).
   Orchis x colemanii  -----   Cortesi, Ann. Bot. (Rome) 5: 540 (1907).
   Orchis fauriei  -----   Finet, J. Bot. (Desvaux) 1808: 340 (1808).
   Orchis x fitzii  -----   Hautz., Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 84: 2 (1980 publ. 1983).
   Orchis galilaea  -----   (Bornm. & M.Schulze) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 47 (1923).
   Orchis x golestanica  -----   Renz, in Fl. Iran. 126: 118 (1978).
   Orchis x hybrida  -----   (Lindl.) Boenn. ex Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 125 (1830).
   Orchis italica  -----   Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl. 4: 600 (1798).
   Orchis x klopfensteiniae  -----   P.Delforge, Orchidophile (Asnières) 68: 912 (1985).
   Orchis x ligustica  -----   Ruppert, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 31: 374 (1933).
   Orchis x loreziana  -----   Brügger, Beitr. Kennt. Ung. Chur.: 58 (1874).
      Orchis x loreziana nothosubsp. kisslingii  -----   (Beck) Potucek, Preslia 48: 132 (1976).
      Orchis x loreziana nothosubsp. loreziana  -----  .
   Orchis x macra  -----   Lindl., Syn. Brit. Fl., ed. 2: 260 (1835).
   Orchis mascula  -----   (L.) L., Fl. Suec., ed. 2: 310 (1755).
      Orchis mascula subsp. hispanica  -----   (A.Niesch. & C.Niesch.) Soó, Jahresber. Naturwiss. Vereins Wuppertal 25: 45 (1972).
      Orchis mascula subsp. longibracteatoides  -----   Balayer, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, Lett. Bot. 133: 281 (1986).
      Orchis mascula subsp. mascula  -----  .
      Orchis mascula subsp. pinetorum  -----   (Boiss. & Kotschy) E.G.Camus, Monogr. Orchid.: 156 (1908).
      Orchis mascula subsp. speciosa  -----   (Mutel) Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 1(2): 347 (1909).
      Orchis mascula subsp. wanjkovii  -----   (E.Wulff) Soó in G.Keller & al., Monogr. Iconogr. Orchid. Eur. 2: 170 (1932).
   Orchis militaris  -----   L., Sp. Pl.: 941 (1753).
   Orchis pallens  -----   L., Mant. Pl. 2: 292 (1771).
   Orchis patens  -----   Desf., Fl. Atlant. 2: 318 (1799).
      Orchis patens subsp. nitidifolia  -----   W.P.Teschner, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 44: 291 (1975).
      Orchis patens subsp. patens  -----  .
   Orchis x permixta  -----   Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Sonderbeih. A 2: 196 (1932).
   Orchis x petterssonii  -----   G.Keller ex Pett., Bot. Not. 1947: 101 (1947).
   Orchis x plessidiaca  -----   Renz, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 25: 245 (1928).
   Orchis provincialis  -----   Balb., Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. Torino 1805-1808: 20 (1806).
      Orchis provincialis var. laeta  -----   (Steinh.) Maire & Weiller in R.C.J.Maire, Fl. Afr. Nord 5: 276 (1959).
      Orchis provincialis subsp. pauciflora  -----   (Ten.) E.G.Camus, Monogr. Orchid.: 160 (1908).
      Orchis provincialis subsp. provincialis  -----  .
   Orchis x pseudoanatolica  -----   H.Fleischm., Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus. 28: 116 (1914).
      Orchis x pseudoanatolica nothosubsp. buelii  -----   (Wildh.) ined..
      Orchis x pseudoanatolica nothosubsp. pseudoanatolica  -----  .
   Orchis punctulata  -----   Steven ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 273 (1835).
   Orchis purpurea  -----   Huds., Fl. Angl.: 334 (1762).
   Orchis quadripunctata  -----   Cirillo ex Ten., Fl. Napol., Prodr.: liii (1811).
   Orchis scopulorum  -----   Summerh., Bol. Soc. Brot., II, 35: 55 (1961).
   Orchis sezikiana  -----   B.Baumann & H.Baumann, Mitt. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. Baden-Württemberg 23: 215 (1991).
   Orchis simia  -----   Lam., Fl. Franç. 3: 507 (1779).
   Orchis spitzelii  -----   Saut. ex W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv.: 686 (1837).
      Orchis spitzelii subsp. latiflora  -----   B.Baumann & H.Baumann, J. Eur. Orch. 37: 267 (2005).
      Orchis spitzelii subsp. spitzelii  -----  .
      Orchis spitzelii subsp. teschneriana  -----   B.Baumann & H.Baumann, J. Eur. Orch. 37: 925 (2005).
   Orchis x spuria  -----   Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 7: 891 (1849).
   Orchis x subpatens  -----   E.G.Camus in E.G.Camus & A.A.Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe: 271 (1928).
   Orchis x tingitania  -----   Hautz., Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 115: 51 (1976).
   Orchis x tochniana  -----   Kreutz & Scraton, J. Eur. Orchideen 34: 819 (2002).
   Orchis wardii  -----   W.W.Sm., Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 13: 215 (1921).
   Orchis x wulffiana  -----   Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Sonderbeih. A 2: 194 (1932).