Table of Contents

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Culture & Care for the genus Cephalanthera

Introduction to the genus





General cultivation techniques

Specific guidelines

In-vitro culture

Hybridisation notes

Pollinators

References

Flowering calendar

 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Location
Cephalanthera longifolia            Belgium
Cephalanthera damasonium            South-East England, U.K.
Cephalanthera longifolia            U.K.
Cephalanthera rubra            Gloucestershire, Buckinghamshire, Hampshire, U.K.

Detailed data: Aggregated observation dates from the GBIF.org network.
A colored month means an observation in habitat or collection date of a herbarium specimen with flower or inflorescence. The number refers to the year of last observation or collection.

 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Location
Cephalanthera caucasica      1997      Azerbaydzhan
Cephalanthera caucasica     2005197519741974    Iran
Cephalanthera cucullata     19301986      Greece
Cephalanthera cucullata     1935       Switzerland
Cephalanthera damasonium      1989      Czech Republic
Cephalanthera damasonium      1884      Denmark
Cephalanthera damasonium    19302007 19732006    France
Cephalanthera damasonium     19522003      Germany
Cephalanthera damasonium      1976      Greece
Cephalanthera damasonium     1975  1972    Iran
Cephalanthera damasonium     19791973      Italy
Cephalanthera damasonium      1933      Slovenia
Cephalanthera damasonium 1975   200319931944     Switzerland
Cephalanthera damasonium     1982198219781989    Turkey
Cephalanthera epipactoides    20011997       Greece
Cephalanthera epipactoides    199719921981      Turkey
Cephalanthera erecta     1889       Japan
Cephalanthera falcata     1889       Japan
Cephalanthera kotschyana    199019821982      Turkey
Cephalanthera kurdica    1940200519721972     Iran
Cephalanthera kurdica     1893       Iraq
Cephalanthera kurdica    199019871982      Turkey
Cephalanthera longifolia    198220021956   2006  France
Cephalanthera longifolia     1967 1933     Germany
Cephalanthera longifolia    200119541940  19271927  Greece
Cephalanthera longifolia     1936       Hungary
Cephalanthera longifolia       19611983    India
Cephalanthera longifolia    19731975       Iran
Cephalanthera longifolia    1950197219731970     Italy
Cephalanthera longifolia      1973      Pakistan
Cephalanthera longifolia     1932       Slovenia
Cephalanthera longifolia    1951  1957     Spain
Cephalanthera longifolia    1945199519821958 198719481990 Switzerland
Cephalanthera longifolia    1929        Syria
Cephalanthera longifolia    1980199319821959     Turkey
Cephalanthera longifolia subsp. longifolia    1991       Italy
Cephalanthera mayeri      1927      Greece
Cephalanthera rubra       1935     Austria
Cephalanthera rubra     196520071977  2006  France
Cephalanthera rubra      19321995     Germany
Cephalanthera rubra      1939      Greece
Cephalanthera rubra    20051975  1972    Iran
Cephalanthera rubra      19781974     Italy
Cephalanthera rubra      1937      Morocco
Cephalanthera rubra      19771980     Serbia
Cephalanthera rubra        1974    Slovenia
Cephalanthera rubra      19901957     Spain
Cephalanthera rubra     19751997198519271968 1986 Switzerland
Cephalanthera rubra     198819821993     Turkey

Species

World Checklist for Cephalanthera. With the permission of the Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Published on the Internet
Database integration using external data for reference...
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Cephalanthera  -----   Rich., Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 51 (1818).
   Cephalanthera acuminata  -----   Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 4: 78 (1852).
   Cephalanthera acuminata  -----   Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl.: 412 (1840).
   Cephalanthera alba  -----   (Crantz) Simonk., Enum. Fl. Transsilv.: 504 (1887).
   Cephalanthera alpicola  -----   Fukuy., Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 52: 242 (1938).
      Cephalanthera alpicola var. shizuoi  -----   (F.Maek.) T.Hashim., Proc. World Orchid Conf. 12: 120 (1987).
   Cephalanthera andrusi  -----   Post, Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 163 (1895).
   Cephalanthera angustifolia  -----   Simonk., Enum. Fl. Transsilv.: 505 (1887).
   Cephalanthera austiniae  -----   (A.Gray) A.Heller, Cat. N. Amer. Pl., ed. 2: 4 (1900).
   Cephalanthera bijiangensis  -----   S.C.Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 472 (1987).
   Cephalanthera calcarata  -----   S.C.Chen & K.Y.Lang, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 8: 271 (1986).
   Cephalanthera caucasica  -----   Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 65: 67 (1931).
   Cephalanthera chartacea  -----   King & Pantl., J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 66: 598 (1897).
   Cephalanthera chloidophylla  -----   Rchb.f., Linnaea 25: 228 (1852).
   Cephalanthera comosa  -----   Tineo in G.Gussone, Fl. Sicul. Syn. 2: 877 (1844).
   Cephalanthera conferta  -----   (B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz, Eurorchis 17: 104 (2005).
   Cephalanthera cucullata  -----   Boiss. & Heldr. in P.E.Boissier, Diagn. Pl. Orient. 13: 12 (1854).
      Cephalanthera cucullata subsp. epipactoides  -----   (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) H.Sund., Europ. Medit. Orchid.: 45 (1975).
      Cephalanthera cucullata subsp. floribunda  -----   (Woronow) H.Sund., Europ. Medit. Orchid.: 45 (1975).
      Cephalanthera cucullata subsp. kurdica  -----   (Bornm. ex Kraenzl.) H.Sund., Europ. Medit. Orchid.: 45 (1975).
   Cephalanthera damasonium  -----   (Mill.) Druce, Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 1906: 225 (1906).
      Cephalanthera damasonium subsp. caucasica  -----   (Kraenzl.) H.Sund., Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980).
      Cephalanthera damasonium subsp. kotschyana  -----   (Renz & Taubenheim) H.Sund., Europ. Medit. Orchid., ed. 3: 41 (1980), without exact basionym page.
   Cephalanthera damasonium lusus ochroleuca  -----   (Baumg.) Soó, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16: 367 (1970 publ. 1971).
   Cephalanthera elegans  -----   Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 4: 58 (1919).
   Cephalanthera ensifolia  -----   Rich., De Orchid. Eur.: 38 (1817), nom. illeg.
      Cephalanthera ensifolia var. maravignae  -----   (Tineo) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 687 (1882).
   Cephalanthera epipactoides  -----   Fisch. & C.A.Mey., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., IV, 1: 30 (1854).
   Cephalanthera erecta  -----   (Thunb.) Blume, Coll. Orchid.: 188 (1859).
      Cephalanthera erecta var. erecta  -----  .
      Cephalanthera erecta var. oblanceolata  -----   N.Pearce & P.J.Cribb, Edinburgh J. Bot. 58: 110 (2001).
         Cephalanthera erecta f. subaphylla  -----   (Miyabe & Kudô) M.Hiroe, Orchid Flowers 2: 63 (1971).
   Cephalanthera exigua  -----   Seidenf., Bot. Tidsskr. 70: 71 (1975).
   Cephalanthera falcata  -----   (Thunb.) Blume, Coll. Orchid.: 187 (1859).
   Cephalanthera floribunda  -----   Woronow, Vestn. Tiflissk. Bot. Sada 10: 22 (1908).
   Cephalanthera gracilis  -----   S.C.Chen & G.H.Zhu, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 24: 600 (2002).
   Cephalanthera grandiflora  -----   Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 210 (1821), nom. illeg.
   Cephalanthera japonica  -----   A.Gray in M.C.Perry, Narr. Exped. Japan 2: 319 (1857).
   Cephalanthera kokanica  -----   Regel ex Nevski in V.L.Komarov (ed.), Fl. URSS 4: 622 (1935), pro syn.
   Cephalanthera kotschyana  -----   Renz & Taubenheim, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 38: 97 (1980).
   Cephalanthera kurdica  -----   Bornm. ex Kraenzl., Bull. Herb. Boissier 3: 143 (1895).
   Cephalanthera lancifolia  -----   (F.W.Schmidt) Dumort., Fl. Belg.: 134 (1827).
   Cephalanthera latifolia  -----   Janch., Mitt. Naturwiss. Vereins Univ. Wien 5: 111 (1907).
   Cephalanthera lonchophylla  -----   Rchb.f. in H.G.L.Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 13-14: t. 119 (1851), nom. illeg.
   Cephalanthera longibracteata  -----   Blume, Coll. Orchid.: 188 (1859).
   Cephalanthera longifolia  -----   (L.) Fritsch, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 38: 81 (1888).
         Cephalanthera longifolia f. angustifolia  -----   Maire & Weiller in R.C.J.Maire, Fl. Afr. Nord 6: 359 (1959), nom. illeg.
      Cephalanthera longifolia subsp. conferta  -----   B.Baumann & H.Baumann, J. Eur. Orch. 37: 249 (2005).
         Cephalanthera longifolia f. latifolia  -----   (Maire) Maire & Weiller in R.C.J.Maire, Fl. Afr. Nord 6: 359 (1959).
      Cephalanthera longifolia var. pilosa  -----   Harz in J.Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. 4: 30 (1896).
      Cephalanthera longifolia var. rosea  -----   Perko, Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 19: 9 (2002).
   Cephalanthera mairei  -----   Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 4: 58 (1919).
   Cephalanthera maravignae  -----   Tineo in G.Gussone, Fl. Sicul. Syn. 2: 877 (1844).
   Cephalanthera x mayeri  -----   (E.Mayer & Zimmerm.) A.Camus in E.G.Camus & A.A.Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe: 503 (1929).
   Cephalanthera ochroleuca  -----   (Baumg.) Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.: 140(20) (1831).
   Cephalanthera oregana  -----   Rchb.f., Linnaea 41: 53 (1876).
   Cephalanthera pallens  -----   Hohen., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 1838: 257 (1838), nom. illeg.
   Cephalanthera pallens  -----   Rich., De Orchid. Eur.: 38 (1817).
      Cephalanthera pallens subsp. ochroleuca  -----   (Baumg.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 687 (1882).
   Cephalanthera platycheila  -----   Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 3: 335 (1845).
   Cephalanthera pusilla  -----   (Hook.f.) Seidenf., Bot. Tidsskr. 70: 72 (1975).
   Cephalanthera raymondiae  -----   Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 342 (1922).
   Cephalanthera x renzii  -----   B.Baumann & al., J. Eur. Orchideen 35: 185 (2003).
   Cephalanthera royleana  -----   (Lindl.) Regel, Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 6: 490 (1879).
   Cephalanthera rubra  -----   (L.) Rich., De Orchid. Eur.: 38 (1817).
         Cephalanthera rubra f. alba  -----   Raynaud, Orchid. Maroc: 93 (1985), without type.
      Cephalanthera rubra var. comosa  -----   (Tineo) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 687 (1882).
         Cephalanthera rubra f. comosa  -----   (Tineo) Robatsch, Wulfenia 7: 104 (2000).
   Cephalanthera x salaevensis  -----   Rouy in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 13: 201 (1912).
   Cephalanthera x schaberi  -----   H.Baumann, Mitt. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. Baden-Württemberg 12: 116 (1980).
   Cephalanthera x schulzei  -----   E.G.Camus, Monogr. Orchid.: 439 (1908).
   Cephalanthera shizuoi  -----   F.Maek., Iconogr. Pl. Asiae Orient. 1: 58 (1936).
   Cephalanthera subaphylla  -----   Miyabe & Kudô, J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Univ. 26: 373 (1932).
   Cephalanthera szechuanica  -----   Schltr., Acta Horti Gothob. 1: 146 (1924).
   Cephalanthera taiwaniana  -----   S.S.Ying, Mem. Coll. Agric. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 28: 37 (1988).
   Cephalanthera x taubenheimii  -----   H.Baumann, Mitt. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. Baden-Württemberg 15: 220 (1983).
   Cephalanthera thomsonii  -----   Rchb.f., Linnaea 41: 54 (1876).
   Cephalanthera xiphophyllum  -----   Rchb.f. in H.G.L.Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. Germ. Helv. 13-14: 135 (1851), nom. illeg.
      Cephalanthera xiphophyllum var. latifolia  -----   Maire, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 5: 239 (1914).
   Cephalanthera yunnanensis  -----   Hand.-Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 1339 (1936).